Pick one of the sociological theories you’ve learned about in this unit. What are its core assumptions about how society and social life work? What are its strengths? its w

Introduction to Sociology

Wikibooks.org

August 11, 2012

On the 28th of April 2012 the contents of the English as well as German Wikibooks and Wikipedia projects were licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license. An URI to this license is given in the list of figures on page 427. If this document is a derived work from the contents of one of these projects and the content was still licensed by the project under this license at the time of derivation this document has to be licensed under the same, a similar or a compatible license, as stated in section 4b of the license. The list of contributors is included in chapter Contributors on page 425. The licenses GPL, LGPL and GFDL are included in chapter Licenses on page 435, since this book and/or parts of it may or may not be licensed under one or more of these licenses, and thus require inclusion of these licenses. The licenses of the figures are given in the list of figures on page 427. This PDF was generated by the LATEX typesetting software. The LATEX source code is included as an attachment (source.7z.txt) in this PDF file. To extract the source from the PDF file, we recommend the use of http://www.pdflabs.com/tools/pdftk-the-pdf-toolkit/ utility or clicking the paper clip attachment symbol on the lower left of your PDF Viewer, selecting Save Attachment. After extracting it from the PDF file you have to rename it to source.7z. To uncompress the resulting archive we recommend the use of http://www.7-zip.org/. The LATEX source itself was generated by a program written by Dirk Hünniger, which is freely available under an open source license from http://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Benutzer:Dirk_Huenniger/wb2pdf. This distribution also contains a configured version of the pdflatex compiler with all necessary packages and fonts needed to compile the LATEX source included in this PDF file.

Contents

1 Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1 What is Sociology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3 Sociology and Other Social Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.4 Sociology Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3 Sociological methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.2 The Development of Social Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.3 The Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.4 Correlation and Causation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4 Quantitative and Qualitative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5 Objective vs. Critical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 6 Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 7 What Can Sociology Tell Us? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 10 General sociological theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 10.2 Structural-Functionalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 10.3 Conflict Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 10.4 Symbolic Interactionism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 10.5 Role Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 10.6 Social Constructionism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 10.7 Integration Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 10.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 10.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

11 Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 11.2 Societal Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 11.3 Classical Views on Social Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 11.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 11.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

12 Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 12.2 Subcultures & Countercultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 12.3 Ethnocentrism & Cultural Relativism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 12.4 Theories of Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

III

Contents

12.5 Cultural Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 12.6 Cultural Sociology: Researching Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 12.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 12.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

13 Socialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 13.1 Elements of Socialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 13.2 Theoretical Understandings of Socialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 13.3 Research Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 13.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 13.5 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 13.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

14 Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 14.2 Social Identity Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 14.3 Primary and Secondary Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 14.4 Group Influence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 14.5 Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 14.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 14.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

15 Demography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 15.2 Why study demography? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 15.3 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 15.4 Data and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 15.5 The Demographic Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 15.6 Population Growth and Overpopulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 15.7 Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 15.8 Urbanization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 15.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

16 Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 16.1 Dividing the lifespan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 16.2 Socially Constructed Aspects of Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 16.3 Differential Treatment by Age or Ageism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 16.4 Age and Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 16.5 Age and Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 16.6 Age and Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 16.7 Aging in the US . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 16.8 Global Aging Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 16.9 Aging and Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 16.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 16.11 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

17 Deviance and norms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 17.2 Theories of Deviance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 17.3 Crime Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 17.4 Social Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 17.5 Current Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 17.6 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

IV

Contents

17.7 Recommended Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 17.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 17.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

18 Race and ethnicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 18.1 Race and Ethnicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 18.2 The Changing Definitions of Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 18.3 Social Construct or Biological Lineage? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 18.4 Prejudice, Bias, and Discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 18.5 Racism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 18.6 Minorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 18.7 Racial Stratification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 18.8 A Research Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 18.9 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 18.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 18.11 Recommended Readings for Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 18.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

19 Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 19.1 Gender vs. Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 19.2 Biological Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 19.3 Social and Psychological Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 19.4 Sexism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 19.5 Theories of Gender Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 19.6 Research Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 19.7 Additional Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 19.8 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 19.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 19.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

20 Stratification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 20.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 20.2 Socioeconomic Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 20.3 Social class in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 20.4 Dominant Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 20.5 Intersections of Class, Race, and Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 20.6 Capitalism, class, privilege, and oppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 20.7 Capitalism, race and gender inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 20.8 Points of View: Micro-Meso-Macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 20.9 Global Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 20.10 Consequences of Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 20.11 Questions for Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 20.12 Applying Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 20.13 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 20.14 Recommended Reading for Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 20.15 See Also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 20.16 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

21 Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 21.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 21.2 Capitalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 21.3 Socialism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

V

Contents

21.4 Economic measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 21.5 Informal economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 21.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

22 Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 22.1 What is a family? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 22.2 Families and Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 22.3 The Family Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 22.4 Families and Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 22.5 New Developments in Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 22.6 Recommended Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 22.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 22.8 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 22.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

23 Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 23.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 23.2 Definitions of Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 23.3 The Church-Sect Typology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 23.4 Theories of Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 23.5 World Religions and Religious History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 23.6 Religion and Other Social Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 23.7 The Future of Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 23.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 23.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

24 Health and medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 24.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 24.2 Health Disparities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 24.3 Paying for Medical Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 24.4 Behavior and Environmental Influences on Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 24.5 The Evolution of Health Care and Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 24.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 24.7 Recommended Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 24.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

25 Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 25.1 What is Politics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 25.2 Power, Authority, and Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 25.3 Types of Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 25.4 Political Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 25.5 Voting Patterns and Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 25.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

26 Collective behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 26.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 26.2 Why Study Collective Behavior? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 26.3 Crowds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 26.4 Panic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 26.5 Riots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 26.6 Mass Hysteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 26.7 Fads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 26.8 Rumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

VI

Contents

26.9 Research Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 26.10 Suggested Multimedia Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 26.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 26.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

27 Social movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 27.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 27.2 Types of Social Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 27.3 Stages in Social Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 27.4 Social Movement Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 27.5 New Social Movement theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 27.6 Examples of Social Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 27.7 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 27.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 27.9 External Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

28 Being a Sociologist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 28.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 28.2 Sociology Majors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 28.3 Bachelor's Degree Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 28.4 PhD Degree Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 28.5 Personal Experiences of Individuals With Degrees in Sociology . . . . . . . . . . 386 28.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 28.7 External Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

29 Sociological Videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 30 Famous Sociologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 31 License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 32 Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 33 Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

33.1 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 33.2 GNU Free Documentation License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 33.3 GNU Lesser General Public License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

Note: current version of this book can be found at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_- Sociology1http://2

1 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology 2 http://

1

1 Authors

• Rcragun1 Ryan T. Cragun, Assistant Professor of Sociology, University of Tampa • Contribution: Initial book layout and the development of most of the first 15 chapters

• Deborahcragun2 Deborah Cragun, MS Human Genetics • Contribution: Developed the chapters on health care and medicine and race and ethnicity.

• Piotrus3 Piotr Konieczny, PhD student in sociology, University of Pittsburgh • Contributions: various small changes, videos, slides and downloadable tools

Noted Contributors4

1 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User%3ARcragun 2 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User%3ADeborahcragun 3 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User%3APiotrus 4 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AIntroduction%20to%20Sociology

3

2 Introduction

Sociology is the study of human social life. Sociology has many sub-sections of study, ranging from the analysis of conversations to the development of theories to try to understand how the entire world works. This chapter will introduce you to sociology and explain why it is important, how it can change your perspective of the world around you, and give a brief history of the discipline.

2.1 What is Sociology?

Figure 2 Emile Durkheim, one of the founders of Sociology.

Sociology is a branch of the social sciences that uses systematic methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop and refine a body of knowledge about human social structure and activity, sometimes with the goal of applying such knowledge to the pursuit of government policies designed to benefit the general social welfare. Its subject matter ranges from the micro

5

Introduction

level to the macro level. Microsociology involves the study of people in face-to-face interactions. Macrosociology involves the study of widespread social processes.

Sociology is a broad discipline in terms of both methodology and subject matter. Its traditional focuses have included social relations, social stratification, social interaction, culture and deviance, and its approaches have included both qualitative and quantitative research techniques. As much of what humans do fits under the category of social structure or social activity, sociology has gradually expanded its focus to such far-flung subjects as the study of economic activity, health disparities, and even the role of social activity in the creation of scientific knowledge.1 The range of social scientific methods has also been broadly expanded. The "cultural turn" of the 1970s and 1980s brought more humanistic interpretive approaches to the study of culture in sociology. Conversely, the same decades saw the rise of new mathematically rigorous approaches, such as social network analysis.

The social world is changing. Some argue it is growing; others say it is shrinking.2 The important point to grasp is: society does not remain unchanged over time. As will be discussed in more detail below, sociology has its roots in significant societal changes (e.g., the industrial revolution3, the creation of empires4, and the age of enlightenment5 of scientific reasoning). Early practitioners developed the discipline as an attempt to understand societal changes.

Some early sociological theorists (e.g., Marx, Weber, and Durkheim) were disturbed by the social processes they believed to be driving the change, such as the quest for solidarity, the attainment of social goals, and the rise and fall of classes, to name a few examples. The founders of sociology were some of the earliest individuals to employ what C. Wright Mills (a prominent mid-20th century American sociologist) labeled the sociological imagination: the ability to situate personal troubles within an informed framework of social issues.6 Mills proposed that:

"What people need… is a quality of mind that will help them to use information and to develop reason in order to achieve lucid summations of what is going on in the world and of what may be happening within themselves. The sociological imagination enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals."7

As Mills saw it, the sociological imagination could help individuals cope with the social world by helping them to step outside of their personal, self-centric view of the world. In employing the sociological imagination, people are able to see the events and social structures that influence behavior, attitudes, and culture.

The sociological imagination goes beyond armchair sociology or common sense. Many people believe they understand the world and the events taking place within it, even though they have not actually engaged in a systematic attempt to understanding the social world, as sociologists do. Humans like to attribute causes to events and attempt to understand what is taking place around

1 Moore, Kelly. 2008. Disrupting Science: Social Movements, American Scientists, and the Politics of the Military, 1945-1975. Princeton University Press.

2 Putnam, Robert D. 2001. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. 1st ed. Simon & Schuster.

3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20Revolution 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/empire 5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age%20of%20Enlightenment 6 Mills, C. Wright. 2000. The Sociological Imagination. 40th ed. Oxford University Press, USA. 7 Mills, C. Wright. 2000. The Sociological Imagination. 40th ed. Oxford University Press, USA.

6

Who We Are

We are a professional custom writing website. If you have searched a question and bumped into our website just know you are in the right place to get help in your coursework.

Do you handle any type of coursework?

Yes. We have posted over our previous orders to display our experience. Since we have done this question before, we can also do it for you. To make sure we do it perfectly, please fill our Order Form. Filling the order form correctly will assist our team in referencing, specifications and future communication.

Is it hard to Place an Order?

1. Click on the “Place order tab at the top menu or “Order Now” icon at the bottom and a new page will appear with an order form to be filled.

2. Fill in your paper’s requirements in the "PAPER INFORMATION" section and click “PRICE CALCULATION” at the bottom to calculate your order price.

3. Fill in your paper’s academic level, deadline and the required number of pages from the drop-down menus.

4. Click “FINAL STEP” to enter your registration details and get an account with us for record keeping and then, click on “PROCEED TO CHECKOUT” at the bottom of the page.

5. From there, the payment sections will show, follow the guided payment process and your order will be available for our writing team to work on it.

Need help with this assignment?

Order it here claim 25% discount

Discount Code: SAVE25